From H1 to C12

This section examines the nuclei between hydrogen and carbon12. The first step is to examination of the alpha particle. The alpha particle is an important nuclear component and is made up of two protons and two neutrons that are arranged in a two-layer, six sided lattice structure which is composed of six up quarks and six down quarks.

This section on the core continues examining the remaining stable nuclei between helium 4 and the third nuclear component or first nuclear structure the carbon12 ring.

Hydrogen comes in three common varieties: The first two are stable, hydrogen and deuterium, and the third is unstable, tritium.

A=1
Hydrogen - H1 composed of a single proton.

The proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark. The two 'UP quarks' are represented by two black ZOME nodes, and the one 'DOWN quark' is represented by a white ZOME node. Interconnections between the quarks in the proton are represented by blue ZOME struts

A=2
Deuterium - H2 or D2 composed of a proton and neutron.

When two protons join a positron and a neutrino are ejected to form deuterium

A=3
Tritium - H3 composed of a proton and two neutrons.

Tritium is like an oreo cooky where the proton is the filling.

Helium comes in two common varieties:

A=3
Helium3 - He3 composed of two protons and one neutron. Helium 3 is the last stable nucleus which contains more protons than neutrons.

Helium3 is like another oreo cooky but in this case the neutron is the filling.

A=4
Helium4 - He4 composed of two protons and two neutrons.

The nucleus of helium4 is also called an alpha particle.

Helium4
There are several paths that form helium in the center of stars. For information on these paths can be access at            Hydrogen Burning in Stars.

If access is not available from the original source this file is available locally at
             Hydrogen Burning in Stars. (same content in a local file)

Following are some possible ways to visualize the structure of the alpha by visualizing pseudo growth processes:

A=4.
Two deuterium nuclei can merge to form a helium4 nucleus. Helium4 or the alpha particle is a very balanced particle, with all the magnetic fields aligned and electric charges in an optimal position with respect to each other. The triangular configuration of three quarks in the protons and neutrons creates an alpha particle that is a flattened six sided structure elongated along one axis. The six sided alpha structure plays an important part in the building the nuclear lattice structure. As the nuclei of ever large elements are formed, it will become apparent that the nuclear lattice structure proceeds through distinct phases of The Core, The Star, The Loops, The Extensions and The Island.

A=5
NONE       There is no stable nucleus with an A of five. This is the first anomaly along the path of stability. This anomaly occurs because the He4 nucleus or alpha particle is so tight and basically balanced that He5 does not have the ability to hold on to an extra neutron or an single extra proton. So neither He5 nor Li5 exits for longer than about 10-22 seconds.

A6
A deuteron can attach itself to one of the ends of the alpha particles to make the next stable nucleus lithium Li6.

Lithium6 can be described as two inter-fingered alpha particles where the central deuteron is common to both alpha's. In the figure to the left, the left side alpha is formed using a type one alpha bond and the right side alpha is formed using a type two alpha bond.

A=7
Additional neutron can be added to Li6 on the deuteron side which creates lithium Li7. Again it is not possible to attach an additional permanent neutron to the alpha side of lithium Li7 and there is no free proton on the deuterium side so there is no stable lithium Li8.

A=8
NONE       This is the second gap or anomaly along the path of stability. If a proton is added to the deuterium side of Li7, beryllium Be8 is formed which is very unstable. Why don't or won’t two alphas hold together?

There are three possible ways for the two alphas to attach to each other and each involves four electrical attachment possibilities. Thus, a stable linkage is allusive as the two alphas try the alternate bonding options.

Add a neutron to the mix and only one linkage possibility emerges.

A=9
Attaching a neutron to the end of one of the
alphas stabilizes how linkage occurs, and
the result is beryllium Be9.

That extra neutron limits the way the two alphas can bond
and thus the Be9 nucleus is stable.

A=10
Now add a proton to the end of beryllium Be9 that contains the neutron and the result is boron B10. This is basically positioning a deuteron at the end of a two alpha chain. Each connection between the alphas and single deuteron forms 60 degree angles thus boron 10 forms 5/6 of a closed loop.

There is a second possible boron10 configuration where the proton and neutron forms a single layer which closes the gap between the two alphas and locks the first loop of The Core.

A=11
There is a gap in the boron B10 partial ring. If a Neutron fills the gap between two protons, the ring closes except for the location where a proton could attach. This neutron added to B10 results in boron B11.

A=12
Finnish closing that ring on B10 with a proton and carbon C12 is the next element. This is the carbon ring or carbon12 and the structure of this 12-nucleon ring becomes the second perceptual structure in the nucleus right behind the alpha particle.

Generally a neutron is added before a proton because of the over all positive charge on the nucleus. To this point the nucleus grows one neutron followed by one proton at a time. This continues for two more nuclei while the second carbon ring layer gets started. After the next two nuclei, nucleon additions occurs in pairs. Two, four or six neutrons are first added followed by two protons. For stable nuclei heavier than oxygen the nucleon are always added in even numbers to maintain stability via balance.